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2011年4月25日星期一

Silver, Gold Rise Records as Asian Stocks fall; Yen weakens

April 25, 2011, 5: 18 am EDT by Shiyin Chen and Yumi Teso

April 25 (Bloomberg) - silver and gold soared to records, oil rose for a fourth day and Asian stocks fell in the acceleration of inflation could undermine the economic recovery in the region of concern. The yen weakened against all 16 of his counterparts.

Silver cash advanced 4% starting from 9 h 58 in London after earlier breaking of 5.4%. Gold rises for a ninth day, while crude oil increased by 0.4% in New York. The MSCI Asia Pacific Index dragged 0.2 percent Posco to Acer Inc. posted lower profits of companies. Standard & Poor 500 Index future increased by 0.3%. Malaysian Ringgit strengthened below 3 to the dollar for the first time in over 13 years. The yen weakened to a euro 119.24 119.71 last week.Shanghai Index led the China Composite losses in Asia after China International Capital Corp. stated that the consumption of the country prices could climb up to 5.5% this month. Inflation Singapore held to 5 percent in March, a Government report showed today. Data this week may show the Japan retail sales sank last month and U.S. gross domestic product growth has slowed, the major central banks of both countries to keep interest rates near zeroAccording to economists surveyed by Bloomberg. "It is very clear that some Asian countries will keep raising rates more while their economies are strong enough to see more hiking, said Hideki Hayashi, a global economist at Mizuho Securities Co. in Tokyo. "However, the market players expect the United States this week to suggest it would maintain low rates for some time, which means more appeal for Asia.".DoublesSilver of money, which has more than doubled over the past year, transferred to $49.0925 per ounce after having earlier reached a maximum of $49.79 as investors sought precious metals as a store of value. Gold for immediate delivery increased by 0.8% to a record $ 1,518.32 an ounce before the Exchange at $1 517.38.Corn for July delivery rose 2.6% to $7.64 a bushel on speculation wet, cold in the Midwest of the United States further delay plantingreduce yields. Wheat increased by 2.7% to $8.57 a bushel.Oil for June delivery rose by 0.4% to $112.74 a barrel on the New York Mercantile Exchange, after the Syrian security forces detained at least 200 people following the assassination of anti-government demonstrators and Senator John McCain said rebel in Libya need help in the fight against the forces of Muammar Kadhafi.la rising prices is fueling speculation policy makers in Asia will intensify efforts tightening. Singapore dollar was little changed at S$ 1.2335 versus the greenback after hit S$ 1.2318. The Central Bank said on April 14 that it would allow more appreciation. The Malaysian ringgit earned as much as 0.5% at 2.9910, the highest level since October 9, 1997, on speculation, the Central Bank will be increasing interest rates the month next to help damp inflation. "Imported Inflation '" there is a perception that the central banks in Asia are allowing their currency thus appreciate to curb imported inflation "Lee Wai Tuck, a strategist to the prediction of the Pte to Singapore, said in an interview with Bloomberg Television. "There are some concerns that if the currencies do not appreciate, inflation may go even higher" in countries including China and Singapore, he said.The yen weakened to the 82.02 per dollar of 81.88. The Japan retail sales declined 6.1% in March from a year earlier after rising 0.1 percent in February, according to the midpoint estimate of economists in a survey of Bloomberg News before the Government data due April 27.BOJFOMCThe Bank of Japan can cut its forecast of real growth for 2011 tax to 0.8 per cent of 1.6% as a result of the earthquake on March 11, the Nikkei newspaper reported today. The Central Bank will keep interest rates of reference to a range between zero and 0.1% at its next meeting, according to the set of 13 economists surveyed by Bloomberg News.The Federal open market Committee will hold the reference rate in a range of zero to 0.25% April 27According to all the 80 economists surveyed by Bloomberg. GDP increased a 1.9% annual pace after increasing at a rate of 3.1 per cent in the previous three months, according to the median estimate of 66 economists surveyed by Bloomberg News before April 28 report of the Department of the Commerce.Le Dollar Index dragged 0.2 percent to 73.936 after earlier falling as much of 0.3%. The gauge used by IntercontinentalExchange Inc. to track the dollar against the currencies of the six major U.S. trading partners affected 73.735 on 21 April, the lowest since August 2008. "Low ' Yen, the Dollar" in the Japan and the United States are the countries which cannot therefore lead to a monetary tightening, the yen and the dollar will be weak, "said Daisaku Ueno, President of Gaitame.com Research Institute Ltd., in Tokyo largest margin the Japon.Environ currency unit four shares declined for all three who has risen on Asia Pacific the MSCI Index, rallied to 2.2 percent last week. It was the steepest weekly gain in a month. Of Shanghai Composite Index fell by 1.5%, led by China Petroleum & Chemical Corp. and China Shenhua Energy Co., after the ICC said consumer prices could climb from 5.2% to 5.5% in April. The Government has an inflation target for the year of 4 percent.Actions of shipment of advanced, led by based in Taipei Evergreen Marine Corp., after KGI Securities Co., said in a report today "peak demand" and container shortages would boost its earnings in the third quarter. Kweichow Moutai Co., manufacturer of China liquor by market value, gained 3.9% after reporting a 49% increase in net income in the first quarter.EarningsPosco slid 1.9% after the third largest steel producer in the world by the said release first-quarter profit fell 33 percent. Acer sank to 3.1 per cent after the second largest world supplier of portable computers said the lower quarterly profit in six years. Reliance Industries Ltd., most large company of the India by the market value fell to 2.7 per cent after posting net income missed analyst forecasts.Since April 11, only 45 percent of the 60 members on the MSCI Asia Pacific reported earnings per share are predictions analyst beat, compared to about 71 per cent MSCI World Index members, according to data compiled by Bloomberg.Futures on the & S P 500 indicate actions can climb today Advanced Micro Devices Inc. companies. to SanDisk Corp. posted earnings that beat Analyst estimates. 22 April, and us stock markets were closed for a holiday.Exchange of Australia for the United Kingdom and the Germany remain excluded today.

-With the help of Ron Harui, Masaki Kondo, Jake Lloyd-Smith and Glenys Sim at Singapore, John Dawson in Hong Kong and Hur Jae in Tokyo. Editor: Matthew Brown.

To contact the reporters on this story: Shiyin Chen to Singapore to schen37@bloomberg.net; Yumi Teso to Bangkok to yteso1@bloomberg.net.

To contact the editor responsible for this story: Patrick Chu in Tokyo at the pachu@bloomberg.net


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2011年4月22日星期五

Asia Stocks Swing between earnings, losses to the Renesas plant restart

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April 22, 2011, 3:25 AM EDT By Anna Kitanaka and Kana Nishizawa

April 22 (Bloomberg) -- Asian stocks swung between gains and losses as Japanese chip and automakers rose as a key supplier started production. Japan’s bond futures climbed as Prime Minister Naoto Kan compiled an extra budget to fund reconstruction from the country’s worst earthquake without selling more debt.

The MSCI Asia Pacific Index was little changed at 138.75 at 3:54 p.m. in Tokyo, after earlier falling as much as 0.4 percent. Renesas Electronics Corp., a chipmaker which supplies the country’s carmakers, jumped as much as 6.2 percent after saying it will restart operations at a quake-halted plant. Toyota Motor Corp., the world’s biggest carmaker, rose 3.1 percent. Gold for immediate delivery rose to a record, while spot silver was little changed, trading near its 31-year high. Rubber rose as much as 3.1 percent in Tokyo.

“It’s a difficult environment for investors to take a proactive stance right now,” said Yoshinori Nagano, a senior strategist in Tokyo at Daiwa Asset Management Co., which oversees about $104 billion. “There are still a lot of uncertainties for the global economy.”

Almost as many shares rose as fell on the MSCI Asia Pacific Index, which is on course for a 2.2 percent gain this week, reversing last week’s declines.

Japan’s Nikkei 225 Stock Average was little changed, erasing an earlier drop of as much as 0.8 percent, while the broader Topix index rose 0.1 percent. China’s Shanghai Stock Exchange Composite Index retreated 0.5 percent. Taiwan’s Taiex index climbed 0.1 percent. South Korea’s Kospi Index was little changed.

Market Holiday Closures

Markets in Australia, New Zealand, Singapore, Hong Kong, Indonesia, India and the Philippines are closed for a holiday.

The MSCI Asia Pacific Index gained 0.8 percent this year through yesterday, compared with gains of 6.3 percent by the Standard and Poor’s 500 Index and of 1.7 percent by the Stoxx Europe 600 Index. Stocks in the Asian benchmark are valued at 13.3 times estimated earnings on average as of the last close, compared with 13.7 times for the S&P 500 and 11.3 times for the Stoxx 600.

Chipmakers and car manufacturers were the biggest boosts to Japan’s Topix index, and a gauge of consumer discretionary shares, which includes Toyota and Honda Motor Co. as its members, advanced 0.7 percent, the biggest gain among the 10 industry groups on the MSCI Asia Pacific Index.

Restarting Operations

Renesas Electronics advanced 1.4 percent in Tokyo after earlier rising as much as 6.2 percent and reversing an earlier decline of as much as 3.1 percent, after announcing plans to restart operations at its quake-halted Naka plant in Ibaraki prefecture. Toyota jumped 3.1 percent, Honda rose 2.3 percent and Nissan Motor Co. gained 3.6 percent. All three carmakers reversed earlier declines and were the biggest positive supports to the MSCI Asia Pacific Index.

“Renesas’ production restart is good news for the market,” said Tsutomu Yamada, a market analyst at Kabu.com Securities Co. in Tokyo. “It’s good for semiconductors and also for carmakers. Investors are looking forward to the supply chain getting back to normal.”

Advantest Profits

Also in Tokyo, Advantest Corp., the world’s biggest maker of memory-chip testers, rose 0.8 percent after the Nikkei newspaper said the company’s operating profit may have gained. Yaskawa Electric Corp. jumped 7.3 percent after Credit Suisse Group AG boosted its investment rating on the motor maker.

Mitsubishi UFJ Financial Group Inc., Japan’s biggest listed lender, climbed 0.3 percent after Morgan Stanley agreed to convert most of Mitsubishi UFJ Financial Group Inc.’s preferred stock in the company, paying a premium of about $2 billion.

Japanese bonds rose, sending 10-year yields to a four-week low, on prospects the first spending package for rebuilding from last month’s record earthquake may not worsen the nation’s debt burden after saying it won’t issue new bonds.

Ten-year yields reached the lowest in four weeks on prospects that the first spending package for rebuilding from last month’s record earthquake and tsunami may not worsen the nation’s debt burden.

The yield on the 1.3 percent bond due March 2021 fell one basis point to 1.22 percent at Japan Bond Trading Co., the nation’s largest interdealer debt broker, the lowest since March 25. A basis point is 0.01 of a percentage point.

Respect Fiscal Discipline

“People are finding it favorable that policy makers are at least talking about tax increases and trying to respect” fiscal discipline, said Shinichi Horikawa, who helps to manage the equivalent of $12 billion at Mitsui Sumitomo Kirameki Life Insurance Co.

Treasuries in the U.S. rose for a second week as investors speculated that efforts to cut the Federal budget deficit may damp economic growth and awaited a policy statement next week from the Federal Reserve.

Two-year note yields dropped three basis points, or 0.03 percentage point, to 0.66 percent in New York, from 0.69 percent on April 15, according to Bloomberg Bond Trader prices. Ten-year note yields fell to the lowest level in a month.

‘Getting off Low Levels’

“You are looking at an economy that’s just getting off low levels,” said David Coard, head of fixed-income trading in New York at Williams Capital Group, a brokerage for institutional investors. “The market is looking for guidance from the FOMC. We’re looking for clues as to when the Fed may possibly begin to change course with respect to monetary policy.”

The euro strengthened toward a 16-month high before reports forecast to show French business confidence was at a three-year high and Italian retail sales rebounded, adding to signs the region’s recovery is picking up.

The euro traded at $1.4567 as of 1:46 p.m. in Tokyo from $1.4552 yesterday, when it climbed to $1.4649, the highest level since December 2009. The common currency bought 119.28 yen from 119.11 yen. The dollar was at 81.89 yen from 81.85 yen yesterday, when it fell to 81.62 yen, the weakest level since March 29.

“The eurozone’s recovery looks solid,” said Hitoshi Asaoka, senior strategist in Tokyo at Mizuho Trust & Banking Co., a unit of Japan’s second-largest bank. “As long as inflation is on the upside, market expectations for European Central Bank rate hikes will likely persist, which is euro-supportive.”

French Sentiment

A French index of sentiment among factory executives was unchanged from March at 109 in April, the highest since March 2008, according to a Bloomberg News survey of economists before today’s report. Sales at Italian retailers rose 0.2 percent in February from the prior month, when they fell 0.3 percent, another Bloomberg survey showed before today’s data.

In China, shares declined on concern inflation won’t ease until the second half of the year and that higher material prices may curb earnings growth. The central bank raised the reserve ratio for banks on April 17, less than two weeks after an interest rate increase. The bank has raised banks’ reserve- requirement ratio 10 times since the start of 2010 and interest rates four times.

China Vanke Co. dropped 1.5 percent in Shenzhen and Poly Real Estate Group Co. slipped 0.6 percent in Shanghai. The largest property developers slid after the People’s Daily, a newspaper published by the central bank, said inflation will face “relatively large upward pressure” in the first six months and the central government is very firm on its attitude towards property control even though the task is arduous.

Yuan Forwards

Shenzhen Development Bank Co. declined 1.4 percent after saying it aims to sell up to 4 billion yuan ($614 million) of bonds.

Yuan forwards traded at the biggest premium to the spot rate in more than five months, reflecting speculation the central bank will allow faster currency gains to help tame inflation.

“Uncertainty over further tightening measures is growing in the market and leading to fluctuations,” said Li Jun, a strategist at Central China Securities Co. in Shanghai. “The government won’t take their hands off property investment controls until they see a real drop in prices.”

Gold, Silver, Rubber

Gold for immediate delivery reached an all-time high of $1,510.32 an ounce, and the price of the precious metal is up 1.3 percent this week. Futures for June delivery yesterday touched a record $1,509.60 on the Comex in New York.

Silver for immediate delivery was little changed at $46.6225 an ounce after yesterday jumping to $46.6925, the highest price since 1980. The metal has climbed about 8.5 percent this week, heading for a fifth weekly advance.

Rubber for September-delivery contract advanced as much as 3.1 percent to 425 yen per kilogram on concerns that demand may outpace supply during the low-production season in Southeast Asia.

The cost of protecting corporate bonds from non-payment in Japan was little changed, according to traders of credit-default swaps. The Markit iTraxx Japan index stood at 126 basis points, in line with its level the previous day, according to Deutsche Bank AG.

--With assistance from Norie Kuboyama, Satoshi Kawano, Yoshiaki Nohara and Yusuke Miyazawa in Tokyo, Sungwoo Park in Seoul, Irene Shen in Shanghai and James Regan in Hong Kong, Supunnabul Suwannakij in Bangkok, Susanne Walker in New York. Editors: Nick Gentle, Patrick Chu

To contact the reporters on this story: Anna Kitanaka in Tokyo at akitanaka@bloomberg.net; Kana Nishizawa in Tokyo at knishizawa5@bloomberg.net.

To contact the editor responsible for this story: Nick Gentle at ngentle2@bloomberg.net.


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Stocks Cap weekly decline on Inflation China. Yuan advances

4: 16 Am EDT by Bloomberg News, April 22, 2011

April 22 (Bloomberg)--China stocks fell, driving the benchmark index to its weekly fall more within three months, the concern that the Central Bank will increase measures to cool inflation. The yuan has touched a high of 17.

Of Shanghai Composite index has lost to 3,010.52 at the local 3-time 0.5%. Aluminum Corp. of China Ltd., producer of the metal nation, declined by 1.5% after reporting lower profit on rising costs. China Vanke Co. and Agricultural Bank of China Ltd. to the pace of the declines by developers and banks. China Southern Airlines Co. Advanced between the airlines on a more strong yuan will be pare the value of the dollar-denominated debts of speculation.Yuan forwards exchanged the biggest premium to the spot rate, more than five months reflecting speculation, the Central Bank will allow more rapid currency gains helping tame inflation. Four of higher Bank reserve requirements and interest rate increases have failed so far curb prices, with the index in the consumer price rising from 5.4% in March. "" Investors are still waiting to see tightening measures more that inflation remains at a high level, "said Li Jun, a strategist at China Central Securities Co. in Shanghai. "An appreciation of the yuan faster would become part of Government efforts to curb inflation after the Central Bank gets close to a ceiling for the reserve requirement ratios and interest rate increases."Index Composite in Shanghai collapsed 1.3% this week, the largest decline since five days ended on January 21 and reduce advance annual tonnage of 7.2%. The CSI 300 Index, tracks a shares traded on both exchanges in the country, has lost 0.5% at 3,299.94 today. "Production and operations of the Difficulties companies ' large Chinese face inflationary pressures increase in prices of raw materials and imported products, the Ministry of industry and technology information said this week. The effects of rising prices cause "major difficulties" for local businesses, he said.Aluminum Corp. of China, known as Chalco, sank 1.5% at 11.17 yuan. Profit in the first quarter of the company fell 47% from a year ago, in 331 million Yuan (51 million dollars on higher contents) and fuel costs, according to a statement on the Shanghai Stock Exchange. Crude prices rose from 34% in the past year.Policy makers in China can use Exchange tools more frequently in the past to tame inflation, Ba Shusong, researcher at the State Council Development Research Center, said today in Shanghai. A "moderate" pace of appreciation of the yuan would be effective in dealing with imported inflation, he said.Yuan GainsThe of currency strengthened 0.4% this week to 6.5096 per dollar, its advance more important since mid-January, according to the system of exchange of China change. Currency gained 0.17% today and hit a maximum of 17 years of 6.5089, after the Central Bank set a reference rate 0.11% greater to 6.5156 Yuan every dollar, the highest level since yuan stronger July result lifted airlines and paper producers. China Southern rose from 2.4 to cent to 8.93 yuan. Air China Ltd., the largest international carrier, has added 1.5% to 11.66 yuan. Shandong Chenming Paper Holdings Ltd., the largest felt by the market value, rallied to 3.8 per cent to 8.72 yuan, its highest close since November 11. A rising yuan will reduce the cost of the pulp imported. "" Paper manufacturers and airlines will benefit the most of the appreciation of the yuan because of their dependence on imports, such as pasta and aircraft, "said Li Lei, an analyst with China Securities Co. in Beijing. "The yuan will be a big hand for companies this year."Overseas DebtA more strong yuan pares the value of the denominated debt built up by the Chinese airline to purchase Boeing Co. and aircraft Airbus SAS. Each 1% appreciation of the yuan will add 600 million yuan to pay for Air China, according to Rao Xinyu, head of investor relations, while southern China, said March 29 each 1 percent gain in the yuan adds 400 million yuan of earnings.The Chinese Government risk a "landing" for the economy by failing to tighten monetary policy quickly enough to cool inflation, according to independent Economist Andy Xie. The Central Bank may raise borrowing costs three or four times during the rest of the year, the former economist at Morgan Stanley said Bloomberg Television yesterday.China Vanke, the largest developer, fell to 1.5% 8.55 Yuan. Poly Real Estate Group Co. has decreased by 0.7% to be yuan. Agricultural Bank of China has lost 1.4 per cent to 2.88 yuan. Industrial and Commercial Bank of China Ltd., the biggest lender, slipped 0.9% to 4.54 yuan.Housing CurbsThe Government is committed to the property of the control of prices, people's daily reported today, citing Mu Hong, a vice director in the National development and the Government of the Commission.The reform China restricted purchases home and raised the payments down on the second mortgages to cap the price of real estate, which gained during 19 months to December and in March, climbed to 67 70 cities the Government monitors.Developers and Chinese banks are "undervalued" and may if extend gains as the Government contains inflation, said Wang Yawei, which manages the Fund lighthouse of larger society of mutual funds of the Chine.Les shares of the country may display "small gains" in the second quarter that earnings prospects remain "positive"Wang said in a quarterly report. "The inflationary factors in the short term will be effectively offset by Government tightening measures and stay under control.".

-Irene Shen. Editors: Richard Frost, Allen Wan

To communicate with the staff of Bloomberg News for this story: Irene Shen in Shanghai at the ishen4@bloomberg.net

To contact the editor responsible for this story: Darren Boey to the dboey@bloomberg.net


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2011年4月20日星期三

Increase in Stocks of the Japan for the first time in four days on U.S. housing starts

April 20, 2011, 2: 47 PM EDT by Norie Kuboyama and Satoshi Kawano

April 20 (Bloomberg) - Japanese stocks advanced near two weeks after the U.S. implemented construction increased and revenues exceeded estimates to companies, including Johnson & Johnson, the largest in the world of signaling economy is recovering.

FANUC Corp., largest maker of the Japan of industrial robots, gained 2.3%. Toshiba Corp., Advantest Corp. and other chip manufacturers and related tools of advanced after Intel Corp. sales forecast that can top estimates. Inpex Corp., most of the country's oil Explorer, rose to 3.1% increase in the price of the crude.The Nikkei 225 Stock average reached 1.8% 9,606.82 as of the close in Tokyo, the largest gain since April 8. The broader Topix advanced 1.2% to 837.17. Index has decreased about 10 per cent since the magnitude-9 earthquake and tsunami on March 11 which devastated the northeast coast of the Japan and paralyzed a nuclear power plant. "" You are seeing signs in Europe and the United States are always on the road to recovery, "said Hiroichi Nishi, a manager of shares to SMBC Nikko Securities Inc. in Tokyo. "That has helped ease the nerves."The standard & poor 500 Index gained 0.6% yesterday in New York after the Commerce Department said housing starts increased 7.2% in March from February. Work has begun on 549,000 homes, exceeding forecasts median 520 000 economists surveyed by Bloomberg News.Exporters ClimbJapan exporters gained after housing report. FANUC, a manufacturer of equipment for factory obtains approximately 80% of sales abroad, increased by 2.3% to 13,190 yen. Sony Corp., most large exporter of the Japan of electronics, increased by 0.9% to 2,458 yen. Automakers including Toyota Motor Corp., Honda Motor Co., and Nissan Motor Co. said.Shares also gained after yesterday in Europe and the US companies reported results that beat projections, help boost confidence in the global recovery. Johnson & Johnson, vendor of second largest in the world of health products, forecast earnings of 4.90 $ to $ 5 a share, better than an estimate of $ 4.80 to $ 4.90 in businesses related to the January.Chip advanced after Intel, the world's largest producer in the World Semiconductor, sales in the second quarter forecasts that high may analysts estimates. The demand for processors for powerful machines that manage Web services is outweigh personal computer slower growth, said the company based in Santa Clara, Californie.Intel stimulates the ChipmakersToshiba, the second global manufacturer of chips used to store photos and music in smartphones and other portable devicesrose 3.7% to 416 yen. Advantest, the world's largest manufacturer of semiconductor test equipment and Elpida Memory Inc., exclusive manufacturer of the Japan of PC memory, also rose.Toshiba received boost after Nomura Holdings Inc. reiterated its "buy" rating on the company, saying that chip company would drive earnings, even as sales related to nuclear energy in the fall following the disaster of last month. Shares of the company, which makes everything from semiconductors to atomic plants, have fallen 17 percent since the earthquake and tsunami that caused explosions and radiation leak in Fukushima Dai-Central Ichi of Tokyo Electric Power Co..Currency of weak Japan, giving relief to exporters in the country. The depreciated yen low as 119.67 against the euro today in Tokyo, compared with 117.24 end of stock trading yesterday on speculation, the Central Bank European will raise interest rates. Against the dollar, currency of Japan weakened the 82.44.Oil 83.10 and trading companies of such as the rise in the price of crude oil and metal. Inpex reached 3.1 per cent yen 601,000 after crude oil for may delivery gained $1.03 to $108.15 US per barrel yesterday in New York. Mitsubishi Corp., largest trader of the Japan-based products, advanced after the London Metal Exchange six metals Index had its biggest gain in nearly two weeks.

-With the assistance of Toshiro Hasegawa in Tokyo. Editors: Jason Clenfield, Nick Gentle.

To communicate with journalists for this story: Norie Kuboyama in Tokyo at the nkuboyama@bloomberg.net; Satoshi Kawano in Tokyo, at skawano1@bloomberg.net.

To contact the responsible editor of the story: Nick Gentle at ngentle2@bloomberg.net.


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Asian stocks won Gain on earnings, economic data; Increases in copper

April 20 (Bloomberg) - Stocks and commodities advanced, while the won strengthened the most in more than two months as earnings at companies from Intel Corp. to South Korea's LG Chem Ltd. and data from the U.S. and Europe bolstered confidence in the economic recovery.

The MSCI World Index rose 0.8 percent at 4: 10 p.m. in Tokyo, set for the biggest gain this month. Standard & Poor's 500 Index future added 0.7 percent. Copper rallied 1.2 percent. Gold for immediate delivery advanced to more than $1,500 an ounce for the first time. Oil climbed for a second day in New York. Treasuries snapped a three-day increase. The won appreciated 0.8 percent versus the dollar, while the yen slid as Japan's exports fell, underscoring prospects the central bank will maintain stimulus.Chipmakers rose after Intel forecast second - quarter sales that may top analysts' estimates. LG Chem reported a better-than-estimated 27 percent profit gain, sending shares of South Korea's biggest chemicals maker to a record. "Economic reports today are forecast to show an improving U.S. housing market and a rise in German producer prices, while Japan's government said exports dropped for the first time in more than a year.""You're seeing signs the U.S. and Europe are still on track for recovery," said Hiroichi Nishi, an equities manager in Tokyo at SMBC Nikko Securities Inc. "That's helped to ease nerves."About five shares advanced for each that declined on the MSCI Asia Pacific index, which increased 1.5 percent, set for the biggest jump since March 22. The measure fell 1.6 percent in the previous three sessions. South Korea's Kospi Index surged 2.2 percent to a record, Taiwan's Taiex index increased 2 percent and Japan's Nikkei 225 Stock Average rallied 1.8 percent.LG Chem, Wynn MacauLG Chem gained 5.6 percent in Seoul. Wynn Macau Ltd., a unit of the casino operator founded by billionaire Steven Wynn, jumped 3.3 percent, also set for a record close, after first - quarter profit increased 66 percent. HCL Technologies Ltd., an Indian software services provider, soared 7.3 percent after its profit beat estimates. Samsung Electronics Co., the largest maker of memory chips, rose 4.7 percent after Seagate Technology Plc agreed to buy its unprofitable hard-disk drive business.Hynix Semiconductor Inc. and Elpida Memory Inc. led gains among Asian chipmakers after Intel, the world's biggest chipmaker, said revenue this quarter will be $12.8 trillion, more gold minus $500 million. That compares with $11.9 trillion, the average of analysts' projections compiled by Bloomberg. The shares surged as much as 6.7 percent in late trading.Yahoo! Inc. gained in extended U.S. trading after reporting better-than-expected first - quarter sales. Apple Inc., AT & T Inc. and American Express Co. are among at least 19 other S & P 500 companies scheduled to release quarterly results today. The index rose 0.6 percent yesterday, after falling 1.1 percent on April 18, when S & P cut the long-term U.S. credit outlook to negative.Earnings Expectations, "the comparison gets a little tougher, the environment has gotten a little softer and our expectations are higher," Bob Doll, chief equity strategist for fundamental equities at BlackRock Inc., the world's biggest money manager, said in a Bloomberg Television interview from PrincetonNew Jersey. "We've had seven quarters in a row of very good earnings versus expectations and I suspect this time, we're going to kind of them meet or exceed them by a bit."Purchases of existing U.S. homes climbed 2.5 percent in March after dropping 9.6 percent in February, according to a Bloomberg News survey before the National Association of Realtors report today. A Commerce Department report showed work began yesterday on 549,000 houses at an annual pace, up 7.2 percent from the prior month and exceeding the 520,000 median forecast of economists surveyed by Bloomberg News.German PricesThe euro strengthened 0.5 percent to $1.4406 before a report from the Federal Statistics Office that's forecast to show German producer prices rose 0.8 percent in March, following a 0.7 percent advance the previous month. The shared currency gained 0.7 percent yesterday after Germany's purchasing managers' index for manufacturing rose to 61.7 this month from 60.9 in March, Markit Economics said yesterday. A reading above 50 signals an expansion.Australia's dollar gained 0.7 percent to $1.0596 and earlier reached $1.0607, the highest level since the currency was freely floated in 1983. The New Zealand dollar rose 0.8 percent to 79.48 U.S. cents. The won rose 0.8 percent to 1,082.35 per dollar, the largest increase since Feb. 2, while Taiwan's dollar rallied 0.4 percent to NT$ 29.006.Asian currencies also strengthened after Hu Xiaolian, China's deputy central bank governor signaled faster gains in the yuan may be tolerated to combat inflation. An adviser to the People's Bank of China, Xia Bin, also said China will not rule out a one-off revaluation of the currency.Japan's EconomyThe yen weakened against all 16 major counterparts. The currency traded at 82.86 per dollar from 82.59 yesterday and bought 119.50 per euro from 118.39 yesterday. Japan's overseas shipments declined 2.2 percent in March from a year earlier, the Finance Ministry said today, compared with the median estimate of economists surveyed by Bloomberg News for a 1.1 percent drop. "The trade surplus shrank to 196.5 billion yen ($ 2.4 billion) from 653.3 trillion yen in February, the government said.""With the outlook still in a haze, we have to be rather bearish on the economy," said Toru Suehiro, a market analyst in Tokyo at Mizuho Securities Co., one of the 24 primary dealers obliged to bid at government debt sales. "Ten-year yields areThe yield is the nation's benchmark 10-year bond was unchanged at 1.24 percent." Treasuries snapped a three-day advance, with the 10-year yield increasing two basis points to 2.84 percent.Commodities ClimbS & P's GSCI Index of 24 raw materials climbed 0.8 percent, set for a second day of gains. Copper for three-month delivery rose 1.2 percent to $9,450 a metric ton on the London Metal Exchange, after Freeport-McMoRan Copper & Gold Inc. said it suspended operations at an Indonesian mine, potentially prosperity the expected shortfall this year.Immediate-delivery gold rallied as much as 0.4 percent to a record $1,502.30 an ounce. Wheat rose 0.6 percent to $8.2575 a bushel, extending a three-day, 5.8 percent rally. Corn future advanced 1.1 percent to $7.6525 a bushel.Crude oil for June delivery gained 0.8 percent to $109.14 a barrel in after-hours electronic trading on the New York Mercantile Exchange, after gaining 0.6 percent to $108.18 a barrel yesterday, the highest since April 15. The May contract, which expired yesterday, rallied $1.03 to settle at $108.15.

-With assistance from Anna Kitanaka, Yoshiaki Nohara and Monami Yui in Tokyo, Candice Zachariahs in Sydney, Saeromi Shin in Seoul and Weiyi Lim, Masaki Kondo and Wes Goodman in Singapore. Editor: Patrick Chu


To contact the reporters on this story: Shiyin Chen in Singapore at schen37@bloomberg.net; Satoshi Kawano in Tokyo at skawano1@bloomberg.net.


To contact the editor responsible for this story: Patrick Chu in Tokyo at pachu@bloomberg.net


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Asian stocks rise as housing in United States, gains Boost confidence

April 20, 2011, 3: 38 am EDT by Anna Kitanaka and Norie Kuboyama

April 20 (Bloomberg) - Asian stocks rose with regional index defined for its largest advance this month, U.S. implemented site acquired and revenues exceeded the estimates to companies including Johnson & Johnson, more large economy in the world was recovering from signalling.

Major manufacturer of chip testing equipment, Japan, Advantest gained 3.4% after that Intel Corp. forecast of quarterly sales which can top estimates. BHP Billiton Ltd., the world largest mining company, won 1.2% in Sydney after the metal and the price of oil has increased. Samsung Electronics Co. acquired 4.7 per cent in Seoul after he agreed to sell his computer hard disk drive business. LG Chem Ltd., manufacturer of chemical products of the Korea of the South, jumped 5.6% after posting a 27 percent gain for the benefit of the first quarter.The MSCI Asia Pacific index advanced 1.6% to 136.37 at 4: 32 p.m. in Tokyo, with approximately six actions earn for each that fell on the gauge 1 023-member. The measure fell 0.5% last week, reversing gains of three weeks. "Application to the United States, while he may step force that once again, slowly moves towards a recovery,"said Kiyoshi Ishigane, a strategist than Tokyo Mitsubishi UFJ Asset Management Co., who oversees the $ 84 billion. "Yesterday, that we have seen this dwelling in the United States was good, which means that the US economy is improving, and is being appreciated by the market today.".Nikkei 225 Stock average advanced Japan of 1.8%. S & P/ASX 200 Index the Australia rose by 1.4% and New Zealand NZX 50 index increased by 1%. Index of ABN Korea in South increased by 2.2 per cent, the largest gain among the benchmarks in the area.Index of Hong Kong Hang Seng has increased by 1.4% while Shanghai Stock Exchange index Composite China rose by 0.3%.StartsFutures housing United States on index of Standard & Poor s 500 has increased 0.7 per cent today. In New York, the index advanced 0.6% yesterday after the Commerce Department said construction implemented increased 7.2% in March from the previous month. Work began on 549,000 homes, exceeding forecasts median 520 000 economists surveyed by Bloomberg News.Johnson & Johnson, vendor of second most large world of health products, forecasts of earnings of the year for 2011 is $ 4.90 to $ 5 a sharemore than a month of January of 4.80 4.90 $ after the quarterly earnings forecasts exceeded estimates as a result of new drugs and a weakening of the dollar.Technology Intel ForecastsInformation of revenue sharing rose 2% today, the most among the 10 groups of industry of the index MSCI Asia Pacific in Tokyo, Advantest increased by 3.4% to 1,452 yen. Tokyo Electron Ltd., the largest producer of the Japan of chipmaking equipment, reached 4.1% yen issue. Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Co., manufacturer of largest contract chips in the world, advanced 2.5 per cent for NT$ 69.8 in Taipei.Intel, largest chip manufacturer in the world, said revenue will be $ 12.8 billion, more or less $ 500 million. That compares with $ 11.9 billion, or the average of forecasts of analysts compiled by Bloomberg. "" You are seeing signs in Europe and the United States are always on the road to recovery, "said Hiroichi Nishi, a manager of shares in Tokyo to SMBC Nikko Securities Inc."Which helped ease the nerves."Producers of raw materials today had the second advance between the subgroups of the index MSCI Asia Pacifique.Produits RiseBHP reached 1.2% $47.23, the second largest at boosting in the MSCI index. Rio Tinto Group, the world of the second - most large mining company by sales, 1.2% leading to a $83.12. Inpex Corp., of Japan more great oil and gas Explorer, have jumped from 3.1% to 601,000 yen. Producer offshore energy China CNOOC Ltd., gained 2.4% oil of 19.36.Crude of HK$ for June delivery gained 0.6% yesterday to $108.12 per barrel in New York after data of U.S. starts fueled speculation that may increase the demand for fuel. The London Metal Exchange Index six metals, including copper and aluminum increased by 1%, the largest gain of nearly two weeks.The MSCI Asia Pacific Index lost 2.5% this year through yesterday, compared to earnings of 4.4% by the & S P 500 and a decline of 0.5% by the Stoxx 600 Index of Europe. In the Asian benchmark stocks are valued at 12.9 times considers an average of the earnings, compared to 13.5 times for the S & P 500 and 11 times for the 1600 Stoxx Samsung sells UnitAmong other stocks rose, Samsung Electronicsbig manufacturer than chips of memory, 4.7% 916,000 won, the greatest support for the MSCI index advanced. Seagate Technology Plc agreed to buy hard disk drive business unprofitable of Samsung 1.38 billion, allowing Samsung to concentrate on its chip operations, the company said.LG Chem has also increased in Seoul, jump to 549,000 won 5.6%, its highest close on record. The petrochemical enterprise will support "high profitability" in the second quarter as plant maintenance by its rivals will limit supply at a time when the demand for chemical products is rising, Director General Kim Bahn Suk said yesterday investors. Net income rises to 656.6 billion won ($601 million) in the three months ending March 31 of 517.7 billion won a year earlier, the company said.LG Corp., the holding company of the Group LG of the Korea of the South including LG Chem climbed 10 per cent to 96,600 won in Seoul, the largest gain on the MSCI Asia Pacific Index, after Daishin Securities Co. said the shares are "grossly undervalued." The actions are directed to their highest close since January 2000.

-With the help of Satoshi Kawano in Tokyo. Editor: Brian Fowler

To contact the reporters on this story: Anna Kitanaka in Tokyo at the akitanaka@bloomberg.net; Norie Kuboyama in Tokyo, at nkuboyama@bloomberg.net.

To contact the responsible editor of the story: Nick Gentle at ngentle2@bloomberg.net


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2011年4月19日星期二

Asia Stocks Drop, Yen strengthens on U.S. credit rating Outlook

April 19, 2011, 2: 26 pm EDT by Shiyin Chen and Anna Kitanaka

April 19 (Bloomberg) - Asian stocks dropped, sending benchmark in the region to its longest losing streak in five weeks, then the yen rose for a fourth day after Standard & Poor prospects of credit on the United States to negative.

The MSCI Asia Pacific Index sank to 1.2% of 3: 00 pm in Tokyo, in decline for a third day. Futures contracts on the S & P 500 Index dragged 0.3 per cent, while those on the Euro Stoxx 50 Index added 0.4%. Japanese future binding mounted for a fifth day. The yen strengthened against all 16 major peers. The New Zealand dollar has led to a decline in currencies of higher performance. Remote record gold.The Japanese exporters led declines, extending to a global slump in the stock market, after S & P to the Government of the United States notice that it risks losing its AAA credit rating, unless decision makers to agree on a plan in 2013 to reduce budget deficits and national debt. Plans of Greece to sell 1.25 billion euros ($1.78 billion) of the 13-week Treasury Bills today, as the culture of speculation that the country will have to restructure its debt pushed yields of the obligations of the euro-ère records yesterday. "" If we get to a point where the United States has its debt downgraded, the deflationary effects will be felt in the world, "said Tim Schroeders, that allows to manage about 1 billion dollars to Pengana Capital Ltd. in Melbourne. "Credit is a dollar U.S. debt prices and these effects will be felt around the world."More than four shares fell to everyone who has acquired Asia Pacific the MSCI Index. Nikkei 225 Stock average of the Japan loses 1.2%, with Toyota Motor Corp. declined by 3.1%.Chip EarningsCnooc Ltd. fell by 2.2 per cent while BHP Billiton Ltd. sank at 1.8% after a decline in prices yesterday. Newcrest Mining Ltd. have slipped 0.9% after the largest gold mines in the Australia company reduce its production for a second time.LG Display Co. jumped 6.9% after the second world - the largest manufacturer of flat screen monitors reported a loss that is smaller than analysts estimates. Renesas Electronics Corp. and Elpida Memory Inc. has decreased more than 4.7% each, stimulation of losses among connected after the computer chip companies as Texas Instruments Inc. forecast revenue in the second quarter and profit which did not estimates of some analysts.Texas Instruments has decreased in trade extended after the largest manufacturer of analog-chip forecast of profit in the current quarter will be 52 cents to 60 cents a share on sales of 3.41 to 3.69 billion. Which is comparable to the estimate of the average analyst 63 cents to profit on 3.53 billion in sales, a Bloomberg survey. Goldman Sachs Group Inc. and Johnson & Johnson are among the companies expected to release quarterly results today.U.S. OutlookThe S & P 500 dropped 1.1% yesterday, its steepest since March 16 loss, as S & P, has said there is a chance of one in three U.S. rating could be cut in two years and that his "basic premise" is that Congress and the administration of Obama will come to terms on a plan to reduce Records.Rendements deficits over 10 years treasuries were little changed at 3.38% after having declined yesterday the three basis points. Noda of Yoshihiko for the Minister of Finance of the said Japan U.S. debt continues to be an "attractive investment", and economic and fiscal policy Minister Kaoru Yosano said that Treasury would still "titles of very good quality" even if the rank was lowered.Performance of 10 years to the point of reference of the Japan fell a half point base to 1.24%, while futures from the requirement of 10 years for June delivery gained 0.18 to 139.54 on the Tokyo Stock Exchangewhich extends from their series of victories in the longest eight months. "Fearing" market "really sums up how much time the market may remain fearful on Europe and the United States," said Adam Carr, a senior economist in Sydney in Australia Ltd., a unit of brokers broker ICAP largest in the world. "" " Risk aversion generally assumes a repatriation of funds into yen. "The weak so-called kiwi 0.9 cents 78.35% American, while the Korea of the South won decreased by 0.3% to 1,091.40 per dollar. Taiwan dollar weakened from 0.2% to NT$ 29.150, and the Australian dollar declined from $1.0456 to $1.0509 yesterday.The yen traded at 82.46 per dollar of 82.66 in New York yesterday, when he moved to 82.19, the highest since March 29. Currency of the Japan was a euro 117.66 117.20. The dollar bought $1.4214 a 1.4235.The euro $ purchase index of managers for the manufacture of the Euroregion dropped to 57.0 in April of 57.5 in March, according to the median estimate of economists in a survey of Bloomberg News before data due today. Readings above 50 indicate expansion.Greek CrisisYields over two years the Greek notes climbed above 20 percent yesterday and swaps of credit - default signal a chance to 64.5% of default within five years, while the representatives of the nation, said the restructuring is not being discussed. Portuguese yields two and 10 years also reached the euro-ère records.Index S & P commodity 24 GSCI fell 0.1%, extending the decline of 1.2% of yesterday. Oil for may delivery slipped 0.1% to $106.63 US per barrel on the New York Mercantile Exchange, after the fall of 2.3% of yesterday.Gold for immediate delivery fell by 0.3% to $1,491.25 an ounce after reaching a record level of $1,497.90 yesterday. Copper for the delivery of three months has gained 0.4% to $9,258 per metric tonne on the London Metal Exchange, halting a slump of 6.6 per cent of six days. Wheat gained 0.4% to $8.1375 a bushel, which extends from the wave of 3.9% yesterday, as conditions of winter crops, to the United States the largest exporter, has deteriorated.

-With the help of Candice Zachariahs Sydney, Yoshiaki Nohara in Tokyo and Masaki Kondo, Ron Harui and Wes Goodman at Singapore. Editor: James Poole

To contact the reporters on this story: Shiyin Chen at Singapore at schen37@bloomberg.net. Anna Kitanaka in Tokyo, at akitanaka@bloomberg.net.

To contact the editor responsible for this story: James Poole at jpoole4@bloomberg.net


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2011年4月9日星期六

Inflation Via the Infrastructure Stocks coverage.

By David Bogoslaw

As rising inflation expectations, many investors are looking to support the asset portfolios which can guard against this risk. Listed companies infrastructure can be as effective a bulwark against inflation as raw and real estate, say the increasing number of fund managers who specialize in these companies. There is a single capture: the chosen companies must have and to operate toll roads, bridges or power plants regulated under concessions in the long term, rather than simply their construction or provide materials for them.

While the fate of companies providing materials such as cement and builders is linked to the ups and downs of economic cycles, owners and operators of essential goods like toll roads have high barriers to entrythe cash flows stable climates all économiqueset the ability to increase prices, a measure of inflation and economic growth. Many companies also offer dividends above average - the average is about 3.5% for companies in the S & P Global Infrastructure of iShares (IGF) index. It is almost double the performance of dividend for the average company in the Standard & Poor of 500-stock index. Long an option investing to institutional investors through private equity agreements, global infrastructure funds went to market mass in recent years. More than half global investment mutual funds 13 infrastructure that identifies Morningstar (MORN) have existed for less than three years. Four launched last year.

Infrastructure as a class of assets less other hedges of inflation in the course of the last year, an opportunity, said Aaron Visse, co-manager of the Forward Global Infrastructure Fund (KGIAX). The Standard & Poor Global Infrastructure index was 6.9% for the year ended March 31, compared with a gain of 34.9% nfor index S & P GSCI products Spot and 18.2% increase in the S & P Global REIT Index. Visse, weight of 41 per cent of the index of the infrastructure in European companies was in large part responsible for its underperformance, given concerns over the ability of the Governments "finance infrastructure in the era of austerity." Visse said investors forget that many assets already belong in the public markets and not depend on government spending. If budget constraints hamper projects sponsored by the Government, it means less competition for existing assets, in the foreseeable future he added.

Retail investors seem to come on point of view of screws. After exits net cumulative of all the funds related to infrastructure, excluding funds from the utility, from March to September 2010, the funds have begun to see entries net last October. Inflow was up to 563 million dollars in February 2011, according to data from EPFR Global, a Cambridge (Mass).-data provider database. Flows of money in infrastructure funds negotiated show similar developments in the mood of investors. Entries net average of 20.5 million from January 2010 to August 2010, jumped to 117.3 million in September and peaked at focused million in December, according to TrimTabs Investment Research of Sausalito, Calif.. NET entries slowed just under 120 million in January and bounces to 172.6 million in March.


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Stocks climb as of reached gold record, oil rallies; Yen weakens

08 April 2011, 9: 45 am EDT by Stephen Kirkland

April 8 (Bloomberg) - pink stocks, weekly topic of a third party to gain in the Nikkei 225 average rallied in Tokyo after that concern subdivided on the damage caused by the earthquake of yesterday to the Japan. Commodities rose to a maximum of two years, the stronger euro and fell of Treasury bills.

The standard & poor 500 index advanced 0.4% and the MSCI World Index climbed 0.9% at 9: 37 pm in New York. The Nikkei 225 Stock closed up 1.9 percent. The S & P GSCI Total return of 24 goods index jumped by 1.5%, with oil amounting to a maximum of 30 months over $111 a barrel. The strengthened euro by 0.9 per cent against the dollar. The performance of the Treasury Board in 10 years has increased five to 3.60% basis points.Equities bounces a slide yesterday triggered by an earthquake of magnitude-7. 1 to the Japan would complicate the recovery of the nation from its worst temblor on folder there less than a month of concern. No unusual conditions were observed at the nuclear plant of Fukushima Dai - Ichi Tokyo Electric Power Co. has after the earthquake, which was the largest aftershock since the day of the March 11 disaster. Exports Germany, Europe's largest economy, has increased more than expected in February. "" There is no fear there, "said Luis Benguerel, a trader at Interbroker in Barcelona. "The bulls are happy to focus on the underlying image of growth, which remains benign, and reject the negative news in the short term.".The S & P 500 has extended its third weekly advance. 10-Year Treasury has been defined for a third weekly decline, the longest run of declines this year. President Barack Obama said he hoped that legislators can now reach a last-minute agreement to avoid a Government shutdown after a third round of talks with the leaders of the Congress yesterday evening has failed to end the impasse on the federal budget.Extraction GainSixteen action groups in the Stoxx Europe 600 19 of the industry. BHP Billiton Ltd., the world largest mining company, increased by 2.5% and Rio Tinto Group acquired by 2.4 per cent. Vallourec SA jumped from 4.8 per cent as Credit Switzerland Group AG recommends the shares of the steel pipe manufacturer.Intesa Sanpaolo SpA fell by 0.5% and UBS AG slipped 0.6 per cent as the European authority of banking services prepared to announce capital types it will accept this year stress tests. TNT NV, the carrier of Dutch electronic mail which intends to turn its express division, dropped 11% after the said benefits to the unit.The MSCI Asia Pacific Index rallied to 0.7 per cent. Toyota Motor Corp., the world largest manufacturer, has acquired 1.4 percent after saying it will resume the output at its plants in the Japan on April 18.Gold, SilverGold for June delivery gained as much from 1% to a record $ 1,474.50 an ounce, and silver soared to a maximum of 31 years of $40.3000 an ounce. Tin - reached a record level of $33 000 per metric tonne copper advanced 2.1%. Corn increased 1.1% before a report, U.S. Department of Agriculture today on world harvest stocks.Gross has increased to a maximum of 30 months, in New York with contracts for the delivery of may advance as 1.5% to $111.90 per barrel. Gross Brent rose 1.8% to a maximum of 31 months, London the expansion of its premium on crude West Texas .l ' euro was ready for its second consecutive weekly gain, extending its early harder for one year in the record. The yen weakened against all 16 of his peers traded to most, landslide 0.3% against the dollar and 1.2% against the euro. The Dollar Index, which follows the motto of the United States against those of six commercial partners, fell to 0.7 per cent.The Australian dollar climbed up to 0.7% to $1.0545, the strongest level since the currency was allowed to trade freely in 1983. The Crown Swedish appreciated as much as 1.5% at 6.22572 every dollar, the most since August 2008, the month before the collapse of Lehman Brothers Holdings Inc.Portugal, ChinaThe performance on the German bond of 10 years from six basis 3.48% pointsthe highest since August 2009. Performance in Portuguese note two years increased by 10 points from base to 9.17%, 10 years of leading-edge performance basis to 8.67% seven points, while Greek performance of similar maturity increased six basis among % points.The MSCI emerging markets Index has risen by 0.5%, set to its highest close since May 30, 2008, and increase its third week. Shanghai Index the China Composite gained 0.7%. Gauges of reference for the Russia and the South Africa advanced by 0.5% on oil and higher metals prices. Shares of nation Development Fund has attracted $ 5.7 billion the week that ended April 6, the most since mid-October, Citigroup Inc. has reported, citing EPFR global data.

-With the help of Andrew Rummer, Dan Cuddies, Grant Smith, Jason Webb and Alex Xydias in London. Editor: Michael P. Regan

To contact the reporter on this story: Stephen Kirkland in London at skirkland@bloomberg.net.

To contact the editor responsible for this story: Paul Sillitoe at psillitoe@bloomberg.net.


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